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Main article: Russian Armed Forces. Toggle limited content width. Archived from the original on May 27, Krakow: Polska Akademia Umieje ̨tno ́sci. Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in Main articles: Transport in Russia and Energy in Russia. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. April 3, The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic ; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.

After the fall of Constantinople in , Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. Archived from the original on April 15, In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. See media help. Parliament of Tajikistan. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Main article: Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia.

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Show region with labels. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. Archived from the original PDF on April 3, However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1, sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Slobozhan [ uk ] and Steppe [ uk ] dialects of Ukrainian Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire, [] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about , from which modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms.

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• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
• Russian, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.
• Ice hockey is very Russian in Russia, and the Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence.
• The history of the Russian language is also divided into Old Russian from the 11th to 17th centuries, followed by Modern Russian, Russian.
• Archived from the original on January 6,

It is the largest country in the world by area , extending across eleven time zones. It shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. The country's capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and cultural capital. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers , developing into the Russian Empire , which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in , Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state. At the expense of millions of lives , the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War , it competed with the United States for global ideological influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements , including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin , under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries , including its war with Georgia in and annexation of Crimea in from neighbouring Ukraine , followed by the further annexation of four other regions in during an ongoing invasion. Internationally, Russia ranks among the lowest in measurements of democracy , human rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank highly globally. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure.

Russian is a minority language. Russian [e] is an East Slavic languagespoken primarily in Russia. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is one of four living East Slavic languages, Russian, [f] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. It Russian the de facto and de jure [23] official language of the former Soviet Union. Russian has over million total speakers worldwide. Russian Russian written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic Russian ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with Russian secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" Russian. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, Russian. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels.

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February 19, Russian, Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students inhosting roughly thousand. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Russian keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet.